# 1.2 Web3 - 去中心化网络

早在20世纪90年代，万维网带来了信息革命。十年之后，网络变得愈加成熟，实用性也越来越强。我们见证了所谓第二代互联网（Web2）的崛起历程，社交媒体和电商平台也由此诞生。网络革新了社交方式，也让信息、物质以及服务的生产者和消费者之间的关系愈加紧密。同时它还允许我们在全球范围内进行P2P交流。    

但是，中介始终存在：平台扮演了互不认识或互不相信的A和B之间的信任中介。尽管这些平台凭借对复杂内容的分析能力在创建P2P经济方面做得非常出色，但同时他们也掌控着所有的交易规则以及所有用户的数据。

在这种情况下，区块链似乎成了下一代网络（去中心化网络或Web3）发展的驱动力。区块链可以带来无第三方中介的真正P2P交易，比特币就是第一个范例。比特币是无需银行或者银行经理受理的P2P资产，同时让比特币运转的技术能在没有Uber的情况下打造共享出行，革新Airbnb模式下的共享公寓，甚至可以颠覆Facebook和Twitter这样传统社交方式。

## 杀死服务器：重新设计数据结构

我们首先有了电脑，随后才有了将电脑链接的网络协议。在个人电脑的早期时代，我们‘传输’文件会经历这样一个过程：将数据存储在软盘上，拿出软盘，走向需要数据的人，将软盘插入电脑，待数据拷出后使用。

数据通常存储在中心化的物理设备上，为了传输数据，往往需要将数据复制一份。互联网大大提升了‘复制品’的传输速度，减少了交易成本。

![The​ Internet​​ Today:​​ A​​ Client​​-​​Server​​ World​; Source https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Client-server-model.svg](/files/-LEj94_X5vh-gxToDDT0)

大规模采用互联网花费了30年之久，而数据结构大部分仍然基于客户端服务器。这表明我们的数据存储于一台中心计算机，而数据只能通过网络由另一台链接网络的计算机获取。虽然我们生活在更加连通的世界，任何设备无论是烤面包机还是冰箱都连接到网络，数据仍然集中存储于我们的设备、USB硬盘或者甚至云中。

这就导致了信任问题：我能否相信那些存储自己数据的人和机构可以保障数据的安全性：无论是来自内部或外部、人为还是机器故障、故意还是无意带来的破坏？这种中心化的数据结构只要核心节点出错，所有节点都会出现故障，就好像互联网消失了一样。

![ Centralized vs Decentralized; Modified from: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research\_memoranda/2006/RM3420.pdf; Introduction to distributed communications networks Paul Baran (1964)](/files/-LEj9UChHbS5ELEtAICp)

##  从数据君主制到数据民主制

自从20世纪90年代起，P2P数据结构就已经存在。它因文件分享工具如BitTorrent和Tor browser而名声大噪。在结合了密码学和博弈论的激励机制下，区块链将把P2P结构推向一个新的高度。过去我们依赖将数据存储在一台计算机的中心化数据结构，而现在可以将数据存储于去中心化或者完全分布式数据结构中。

![](/files/-LEjA7f583OwkYXaqm-C)

在第三代互联网中，受到互联世界的启发，我们正在重新定义数据结构。值得注意的是，区块链只是去中心化网络栈中的其中一种技术。虽然区块链是记录涉事人、事件内容以及发生时间的一种伟大的P2P方式，它却不适合用于存储大量的数据，原因如下两点：（1）扩展性：区块链运行速度过慢；（2）没有隐私设计：不要在区块链上储存隐私数据。

##  Web3 技术栈

与搭建标准Web或移动应用相似，创建一个dApp通常需要以下内容：计算、文件存储器、外部数据、货币以及支付。在过去四年，该社区在构建生态系统中取得了巨大的进步。

[在2014年，由于技术边界，构建dApp还不大可能](https://medium.com/@FEhrsam/the-dapp-developer-stack-the-blockchain-industry-barometer-8d55ec1c7d4)；而在2017年，构建基础的dApp已经可行，而且在最小计算和文件存储器的条件下即可。Web3生态系统在构建开发者可以使用的技术栈方面取得了卓越的进步。下列图形即为常见的技术栈模型：

![General Web3 Stack; Source: https://blog.stephantual.com/web-3-0-revisited-part-one-across-chains-and-across-protocols-4282b01054c5](/files/-LEjBJsLY1VgSRciGts7)

从客户端服务器网络向去中心化网络的转变并非一蹴而就。由于去中心化网络栈还不成熟，转变过程正由中心化到部分去中心化，再到完全去中心化发展。这里有必要指出，去中心化结构对错误更加包容，也更能抵御攻击，但运行效率却有所降低。

未来的网络很有可能是更加去中心化的，但这并不意味着完全抛弃中心化系统。中心化系统有其自己优势，很有可能经久不衰，但可能只是个例。

![](/files/-LEjE1Qe4lPGfGv9qw9a)

## 资料来源 & 延伸阅读

ĐApps:​What​​ Web​​3​.0 ​Looks ​​Like​,​​ Gavin​​Wood​ 

Ethereum​White​​ Paper​ Bitcoin​ White​​ Paper​,​​ Satoshi​​Nakamoto​

[The​ dApp​​ Developer​​ Stack:​​The​​ Blockchain ​​Industry​​ Barometer​](https://medium.com/@FEhrsam/the-dapp-developer-stack-the-blockchain-industry-barometer-8d55ec1c7d4),​​ by​​ Fred​​ Ehrsam​

[Blockchain​ will​​ usher​​ in​​ the ​​era​​ of​​ decentralised ​​computing​](https://blog.bigchaindb.com/blockchain-will-usher-in-the-era-of-decentralised-computing-7f35e94af0b6),​​ Bruce​​ Pon,​​ Bigchain DB​

[Fat​ Protocols​](https://www.usv.com/blog/fat-protocols),​​ Joel ​​Monegro​

[The​ Shared ​​Data​​ Layer ​​of ​​The ​​Blockchain​​ Application​​ Stack​](http://joel.mn/post/104755282493/the-shared-data-layer-of-the-blockchain),​​ Joel​​ Monegro​

[Web​3​.0 ​Revisited​​—​​Part​​ One: ​​“Across​​ Chains ​​and ​​Across ​​Protocols”​](https://blog.stephantual.com/web-3-0-revisited-part-one-across-chains-and-across-protocols-4282b01054c5),​​ Stephane​​Tual​

[Blockchain​ Infrastructure​​ Landscape:​​ A​​ First​​ Principles​​ Framing](https://blog.bigchaindb.com/blockchain-infrastructure-landscape-a-first-principles-framing-92cc5549bafe)​,​​ Trent​​McConaghy​

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ntainers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image090.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image091.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image092.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image093.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image094.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image095.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image096.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image097.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image098.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image099.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image100.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image101.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image102.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image103.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image104.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image105.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image106.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image107.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image108.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image109.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image110.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image111.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image112.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image113.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image114.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image115.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image116.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image117.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image118.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image119.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image120.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image121.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image122.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image123.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image124.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image125.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image126.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image127.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image128.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image129.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image130.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image131.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image132.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image133.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image134.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image135.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image136.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image137.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image138.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image139.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image140.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image141.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image142.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image143.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image144.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image145.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image146.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image147.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image148.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image149.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image150.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image151.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image152.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image153.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image154.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image155.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image156.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image157.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image158.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image159.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image160.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image161.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image162.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image163.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image164.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image165.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image166.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image167.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image168.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image169.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image170.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image171.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image172.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image173.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image174.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image175.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image176.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image177.gif)![](file://localhost/Users/guomengjun/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/msoclip1/01/clip_image178.gif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---

# Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation

If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question.

Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter:

```
GET https://daoone.gitbook.io/blockchain-handbook/blockchain-basics/untitled-2.md?ask=<question>
```

The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language.
The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation.

Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.